2)+Communication+Policy

toc =Communication Policy: Models and Trends= There are four resilient principles that underline media policymaking: (i) freedom, (ii) public interest, (iii) pluralism, (iv) diversity.

There are other, such as competition, universal service, and localism (Napoli, 2001) justice, equality and order, solidarity (McQuail) Interdependence and accountability (gibbons)


 * Freeedom:** Here, we are talking about John Stuart Mill. A free media is seen both as one of the main features of a free society and as a key mechanism through which democracy is sustained and extended. > Marketplace of ideas

Definition of the term is problematic: whatever public is interested in knowing, whatever is in the interests of the public to knpw etc. Common good.
 * Public interest:** Napoli: Public interest functions as the broad umbrella concept from which all of the other foundation principles in communication policy stem. McQuail says media policies are projects of government and public administration which have particular goals and a certain legitimation in terms of the wider pyblic interest.
 * Pluralism:** Variety of voices, opinions, and outles.
 * Diversity:** pretty much the same. but also has the ethnic understanding.

[]

We can look at the red book about US, UK, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand. Diversity & Pluralism in a competitive marketplace Culture based Development State Intervention Democracy vs. state intests Pragmatic Overseas effect.
 * Global Models**


 * When talking about any kind of technology, I can definitely use information society, medium theory, and other catch-phrases.
 * Universally networked broadband
 * Interactive
 * Multimedia
 * Supranational structures etc. ||

**Telecommunication & Internet Policy**
Dr. Knuth's suggestions on what theoretical perspectives to study: And know how these theories relate to:
 * **[|Diffusion Theory] (Everett Rogers: Diffusion of Innovations)**
 * **[|Intellectual Freedom and Democracy] (Majid Tehranian: Technologies of Power)**
 * **[|The Social Construction of Technology] (Bijker: Social Construction of Technological Systems)**
 * **[|Consequences of Technology] (Neil Postman: Technopoly)**
 * **[|Globalization] (Barber: Jihad and McWorld)**
 * **[|Post-Modernism] (David Harvey: The Condition of Postmodernity)**
 * privacy (USA PATRIOT Act of 2001)
 * information access (Taxes / Tariffs for rural access)
 * pornography (Internet Decency Act of 1996, Supreme Court Amendment '97)
 * filtering ("Control Room" movie, Communist / Authoritarian Governments)
 * impact of government spending and military research structure, US federal policies
 * deregulation (growth -> regulation -> deregulation)
 * information security
 * censorship (FCC definition of invasive technologies)

**Telecommunications History in the United States:**
> ## Bell's patent on the telephone (1876-1894) > > Sources on The [|Telecommunications Act of 1996]: > > Critical Perspective of US Policy with special attention to the Internet: [| http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/mcchesney.html] > > The USA PATRIOT Act: [| http://www.ala.org/ala/pio/mediarelations/patriotactmedia.htm] > Further explanation and Issues on the Patriot Act: [| http://www.newsbatch.com/civlib.htm] > > (pay special interest to policies of last 2-3 decades) > Liberty: the condition of being free from restriction or control
 * people rented phones from Bell, took care of their own wiring
 * 1) First Sherman - Antitrust case, AT&T signs the Kingsbury agreement (1913)
 * stop acquiring other companies (Western Union)
 * allow competitors to connect to AT&T system (duplication of system wasteful)
 * 1) FDR's Communication Act of 1934 (Railroad model)
 * "... the enhancement of commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all people of the United States, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide and world-wide wire and radio communication service." - U.S. Congress
 * Established the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
 * Favored growth model: encouraged AT&T monopoly to promote growth and universal service
 * 1) 1943: WWII - Interstate long distance starts subsidizing local service
 * 2) 1956 & 1968: "Hush-a-Phone" and Carterfone decisions set stage for competition
 * No longer can have only AT&T phones on network (cut AT&T hardware monopoly)
 * 1) 1969 & 1971: MCI and "Specialized Common Carriers" plant seeds for long distance competition
 * 2) United States v. AT&T (1984)
 * break up AT&T's long-distance monopoly, make baby-Bell's (RBOC) for local service, encourage competition
 * 1) [|U.S. (Tele) Communication Act of 1996]
 * models U.S. v. AT&T for rest of telecommunications, for LEC competition with ILECs, covers all areas of telecommunications
 * many criticize this Act for over-complicating policy (not cutting the knot), created many legal battles over 'fair' wholesale pricing to the new LECs without putting the ILEC out of business
 * this may have caused ILECs to be less likely to add to NII because the LECs would take advantage and it was cost-prohibitive
 * 1) Today Cell users and VoIP complicate the issue even more (more gray areas for the deregulatory movement to regulate!)
 * Deregulation is moving some companies forward towards monopoly. For example: Microsoft & the MSDN library: encourages code developers to write software to be run on the Microsoft OS, by releasing small parts of the Windows OS code. The result: MSDN creates larger and larger market share of software being written for Windows platform
 * [] ([|My summary])
 * [| http://www.researchcouncil.org/Reports/1997/Telecom/Telecom.htm] (great article)
 * [| http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/wp/citi/citinoam19.html]
 * [| http://www.quello.msu.edu/research/FORD01/BackgroundMaterials.pdf]
 * Small government: Liberty realized through less rules and regulations, more freedom
 * Large government: Liberty through protection from being taken advantage by the Market, drain the middle class of its resources
 * Ideal will be a balance somewhere in the middle

> ## Bell's patent on the telephone (1876-1894) > > Sources on The [|Telecommunications Act of 1996]: > > Critical Perspective of US Policy with special attention to the Internet: [| http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/mcchesney.html] > > The USA PATRIOT Act: [| http://www.ala.org/ala/pio/mediarelations/patriotactmedia.htm] > Further explanation and Issues on the Patriot Act: [| http://www.newsbatch.com/civlib.htm] > > (pay special interest to policies of last 2-3 decades) > Liberty: the condition of being free from restriction or control
 * people rented phones from Bell, took care of their own wiring
 * 1) First Sherman - Antitrust case, AT&T signs the Kingsbury agreement (1913)
 * stop acquiring other companies (Western Union)
 * allow competitors to connect to AT&T system (duplication of system wasteful)
 * 1) FDR's Communication Act of 1934 (Railroad model)
 * "... the enhancement of commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all people of the United States, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide and world-wide wire and radio communication service." - U.S. Congress
 * Established the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
 * Favored growth model: encouraged AT&T monopoly to promote growth and universal service
 * 1) 1943: WWII - Interstate long distance starts subsidizing local service
 * 2) 1956 & 1968: "Hush-a-Phone" and Carterfone decisions set stage for competition
 * No longer can have only AT&T phones on network (cut AT&T hardware monopoly)
 * 1) 1969 & 1971: MCI and "Specialized Common Carriers" plant seeds for long distance competition
 * 2) United States v. AT&T (1984)
 * break up AT&T's long-distance monopoly, make baby-Bell's (RBOC) for local service, encourage competition
 * 1) [|U.S. (Tele) Communication Act of 1996]
 * models U.S. v. AT&T for rest of telecommunications, for LEC competition with ILECs, covers all areas of telecommunications
 * many criticize this Act for over-complicating policy (not cutting the knot), created many legal battles over 'fair' wholesale pricing to the new LECs without putting the ILEC out of business
 * this may have caused ILECs to be less likely to add to NII because the LECs would take advantage and it was cost-prohibitive
 * 1) Today Cell users and VoIP complicate the issue even more (more gray areas for the deregulatory movement to regulate!)
 * Deregulation is moving some companies forward towards monopoly. For example: Microsoft & the MSDN library: encourages code developers to write software to be run on the Microsoft OS, by releasing small parts of the Windows OS code. The result: MSDN creates larger and larger market share of software being written for Windows platform
 * [] ([|My summary])
 * [| http://www.researchcouncil.org/Reports/1997/Telecom/Telecom.htm] (great article)
 * [| http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/wp/citi/citinoam19.html]
 * [| http://www.quello.msu.edu/research/FORD01/BackgroundMaterials.pdf]
 * Small government: Liberty realized through less rules and regulations, more freedom
 * Large government: Liberty through protection from being taken advantage by the Market, drain the middle class of its resources
 * Ideal will be a balance somewhere in the middle